References: Re-dosing antibiotics for surgical prophylaxis

Cited references

1. Bertschi D, Weber WP, Zeindler J, Stekhoven D, Mechera R, Salm L, Kralijevic M, Soysal SD, Von Strauss M, Mujagic E, Marti WR. Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Redosing Reduces Surgical Site Infection Risk in Prolonged Duration Surgery Irrespective of Its Timing. World Journal of Surgery. 2019; 43(10):2420-5.
2. National Institute of Health and Care Excellence. Surgical site infections: prevention and treatment: NICE Guideline [NG125], 2020. Accessed 20/8/25.
3. Bratzler DW, Dellinger EP, Olsen KM, Perl TM, Auwaerter PG, Bolon MK, Fish DN, Napolitano LM, Sawyer RG, Slain D, Steinberg JP. Clinical practice guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 2016; 70 (3): 195–283
4. Zelenitsky SA, Lawson C, Calic D, Ariano RE, Roberts JA, Lipman J, Zhanel GG. Integrated pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic modelling to evaluate antimicrobial prophylaxis in abdominal surgery. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2016; 71(10):2902-8.
5. Calderwood MS, Anderson DJ, Bratzler DW, et al. Strategies to prevent surgical site infections in acute-care hospitals: 2022 Update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2023;44(5):695-720. 
6. Da Silva Neto MJ, MacKay G, Agaram R, MacLeod M, Watson DG, Thomson AH. Evaluation of amoxicillin, metronidazole and gentamicin dosage regimens for use in antibiotic prophylaxis in colorectal surgery. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2021 Dec;76(12):3212-9.

Other relevant references

1. Grayson, M.L., Cosgrove, S., Crowe, S., Hope, W., McCarthy, J., Mills, J., Mouton, J.W., & Paterson, D. (Eds.). (2017). Kucers' The Use of Antibiotics: A Clinical Review of Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiparasitic, and Antiviral Drugs, Seventh Edition - Three Volume Set (7th ed.). CRC Press. Accessed on 27/5/25.
2. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. London: Pharmaceutical Press http://medicinescomplete.com. Accessed on 27/5/25.
3. The Sanford Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy https://web.sanfordguide.com/. Accessed on 27/5/25.
4. Aspen Trading SmPC for Co-Trimoxazole 16mg/80mg per ml for Infusion. Last updated Feb 2024. Accessed on 27/5/25.
5. Wolfhagen N, Boldingh QJJ, de Lange M, Boermeester MA, de Jonge SW. Intraoperative Redosing of Surgical Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Addition to Preoperative Prophylaxis Versus Single-dose Prophylaxis for the Prevention of Surgical Site Infection: A Meta-analysis and GRADE Recommendation. Ann Surg. 2022;275(6):1050-1057.
6. National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship. Australia. Surgical National Antimicrobial Prescribing Survey (NAPS). Timing and duration of surgical prophylaxis: Recommendations 2020. Accessed 19/6/2025 https://irp-cdn.multiscreensite.com/d820f98f/files/uploaded/Timing%20and%20duration%20of%20surgical%20prophylaxis_v2.pdf
7. Stanford Antimicrobial Safety and Sustainability Program. SHC Surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis guideline. Revised 23/01/2025. Accessed 19/06/2025. https://med.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/bugsanddrugs/documents/clinicalpathways/SHC-Surgical-Prophylaxis-ABX-Guideline.pdf
8. Righi E., Mutters NT, Guirao X, Dolores del Toro M, Eckmann C, Friedrich AW, Giannella M, Kluytmans J, Presterl E, Christaki E, Cross ELA, Visentin A, Sganga G, Tsioutis C, Tacoonelli. ESCMID/EUCIC clinical practice guidelines on perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in patients colonized by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria before surgery. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 29 (2023) 463-479

Content updated: September 2025